斯瓦迪士核心詞列表(Swadesh list)是美國語言學家莫里斯·斯瓦迪士在1940年代到1950年代提出的一個列表。他從統計學的角度用分析不同的語言(以印歐語系語言為主),得出一個大约有100个词的核心詞列表。他認為,基本上所有語言的詞彙都應該包含這些詞語。历史语言学家使用这个列表来量化不同语言相关联的程度。
版本沿革
斯瓦迪士本人曾经编辑过多个版本的列表。斯瓦迪士死后,他最后编辑的100个词的列表在1971、1972发表[1]。
现在最常用的,有207个词语的列表来自Isidore Dyen[2]。
斯瓦迪士的100个词语列表(英汉对照)
1971年发表的列表有100个词。1952年版与1955年版的列表附上了解释。†表示这个解释是1955年版新加的。
英语 | 斯瓦迪士的解释 | 汉语翻译 | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | I | 第一人称单数 | 我 |
2 | you | 第二人称单数。1952版写thou & ye | 你 |
3 | we | 1955版:包含式的 | 我们 |
4 | this | 这 | |
5 | that | 那 | |
6 | who? | 1971年版没有问号 | 谁 |
7 | what? | 1971年版没有问号 | 什么 |
8 | not | 不 | |
9 | all | 数个东西里的 | 全部 |
10 | many | 多 | |
11 | one | 一 | |
12 | two | 二 | |
13 | big | 大 | |
14 | long | 不是宽 | 长 |
15 | small | 小 | |
16 | woman | 女人 | |
17 | man | 成年男性人类 | 男人 |
18 | person | 人类个体 | 人 |
19 | fish | 名词 | 鱼 |
20 | bird | 鸟 | |
21 | dog | 狗 | |
22 | louse | 虱子 | |
23 | tree | 不是原木 | 树 |
24 | seed | 名词 | 种子 |
25 | leaf | 植物的 | 叶子 |
26 | root | 植物的 | 根 |
27 | bark | 树的 | 树皮 |
28 | skin | 1952版:人的 | 皮肤 |
29 | flesh | 1952版写meat, flesh | 肉 |
30 | blood | 血 | |
31 | bone | 骨头 | |
32 | grease | 1952:脂肪,有机物质 | 油 |
33 | egg | 蛋 | |
34 | horn | 牛等等的, 1952版没有 | 角 |
35 | tail | 尾巴 | |
36 | feather | 大的,不是绒羽 | 羽毛 |
37 | hair | 人类头上的 | 头发 |
38 | head | 解剖学的 | 头 |
39 | ear | 耳朵 | |
40 | eye | 眼睛 | |
41 | nose | 鼻子 | |
42 | mouth | 嘴巴 | |
43 | tooth | 前排的,不是臼齿 | 牙齿 |
44 | tongue | 解剖学的 | 舌头 |
45 | claw | 1952版没有† | 爪子 |
46 | foot | 不是腿 | 脚 |
47 | knee | 1952版没有† | 膝盖 |
48 | hand | 手 | |
49 | belly | 身体的下半部,腹部 | 肚子 |
50 | neck | 不是后颈 | 脖子 |
51 | breasts | 女性的;1955版写breast† | 乳房 |
52 | heart | 心 | |
53 | liver | 肝 | |
54 | drink | 动词 | 喝 |
55 | eat | 动词 | 吃 |
56 | bite | 动词 | 咬 |
57 | see | 动词 | 看 |
58 | hear | 动词 | 听 |
59 | know | 动词 | 知道 |
60 | sleep | 动词 | 睡觉 |
61 | die | 动词 | 死 |
62 | kill | 动词 | 杀 |
63 | swim | 动词 | 游泳 |
64 | fly | 动词 | 飞 |
65 | walk | 动词 | 走 |
66 | come | 动词 | 来 |
67 | lie | 在一侧,recline | 躺 |
68 | sit | 动词 | 坐 |
69 | stand | 动词 | 站 |
70 | give | 动词 | 给 |
71 | say | 动词† | 说 |
72 | sun | 太阳 | |
73 | moon | 1952版没有† | 月亮 |
74 | star | 星星 | |
75 | water | 名词 | 水 |
76 | rain | 名词。1952版说动词 | 雨 |
77 | stone | 石头 | |
78 | sand | 沙子 | |
79 | earth | 土壤 | 土地 |
80 | cloud | 不是雾 | 云 |
81 | smoke | 名词,火的 | 烟 |
82 | fire | 火 | |
83 | ash(es) | 灰烬 | |
84 | burn | 不及物动词 | 燃烧 |
85 | path | 1952版写road, trail;不是街道 | 路 |
86 | mountain | 不是丘 | 山 |
87 | red | 颜色 | 红色 |
88 | green | 颜色 | 绿色 |
89 | yellow | 颜色 | 黄色 |
90 | white | 颜色 | 白色 |
91 | black | 颜色 | 黑色 |
92 | night | 夜晚 | |
93 | hot | 形容词;1952版写warm,指天气 | 热 |
94 | cold | 指天气 | 冷 |
95 | full† | 满 | |
96 | new | 新 | |
97 | good | 好 | |
98 | round | 1952版没有† | 圆 |
99 | dry | 物质 | 干燥 |
100 | name | 名字 |
^ 只有1955年版加入了“claw”(爪子),但它被其他专家替换成指/趾甲,因为许多古老的、灭绝的、或是比较不出名的语言里面没有「爪子」的说法。
斯瓦迪士207个词语列表(汉英对照)
以下詳列斯瓦迪士所枚舉的207個核心詞:
n° | 現代標準漢語 | 英語 English |
國際音標 |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 我 | I | [aɪ] |
2 | 你 | you | [juː] |
3 | 他 | he | [hiː] |
4 | 我們 | we | [wiː] |
5 | 你們 | you | [juː] |
6 | 他們 | they | [ðeɪ] |
7 | 這 | this | [ðɪs] |
8 | 那 | that | [ðæt] |
9 | 這裡 | here | [hiə] |
10 | 那裡 | there | [ðɛə] |
11 | 誰 | who | [huː] |
12 | 什麼 | what | [wɒt] |
13 | 哪 | where | [wɛə] |
14 | 何時 | when | [wen] |
15 | 如何 | how | [haʊ] |
16 | 不 | not | [nɒt] |
17 | 所有 | all | [ɔːl] |
18 | 多 | many | [ˈmeni] |
19 | 一些 | some | [sʌm] |
20 | 少 | few | [fjuː] |
21 | 其他 | other | [ˈʌðə] |
22 | 一 | one | [wʌn] |
23 | 二 | two | [tuː] |
24 | 三 | three | [θɹiː] |
25 | 四 | four | [fɔː] |
26 | 五 | five | [ˈfaɪv] |
27 | 大 | big | [bɪɡ] |
28 | 長 | long | [lɔŋ] |
29 | 寬 | wide | [waɪd] |
30 | 厚 | thick | [θɪk] |
31 | 重 | heavy | [ˈhevi] |
32 | 小 | small | [smɔːl] |
33 | 短 | short | [ʃɔːt] |
34 | 窄 | narrow | [ˈnæɹəʊ] |
35 | 薄 | thin | [θɪn] |
36 | 女 | woman | [ˈwʊmən] |
37 | 男 | man | [mæn] |
38 | 人 | man, person | [mæn], [ˈpɜːsn] |
39 | 孩 | child | [ʧaɪld] |
40 | 妻 | wife | [waɪf] |
41 | 夫 | husband | [ˈhʌzbənd] |
42 | 母 | mother | [ˈmʌðə] |
43 | 父 | father | [ˈfɑːðə] |
44 | 動物 | animal | [ˈænɪməl] |
45 | 魚 | fish | [fɪʃ] |
46 | 鳥 | bird | [bɜːd] |
47 | 狗 | dog | [dɒɡ] |
48 | 虱 | louse | [laʊs] |
49 | 蛇 | snake | [sneɪk] |
50 | 蟲 | worm | [wɜːm] |
51 | 樹 | tree | [tɹiː] |
52 | 森 | forest | [ˈfɒɹɪst] |
53 | 枝 | stick | [stɪk] |
54 | 果 | fruit | [fɹuːt] |
55 | 種 | seed | [siːd] |
56 | 葉 | leaf | [liːf] |
57 | 根 | root | [ɹuːt] |
58 | 樹皮 | bark | [bɑːk] |
59 | 花 | flower | [ˈflaʊə] |
60 | 草 | grass | [ɡɹaːs] |
61 | 繩 | rope | [ɹəʊp] |
62 | 膚 | skin | [skɪn] |
63 | 肉 | meat | [miːt] |
64 | 血 | blood | [blʌd] |
65 | 骨 | bone | [bəʊn] |
66 | 脂 | fat | [fæt] |
67 | 蛋 | egg | [eɡ] |
68 | 角 | horn | [hɔːn] |
69 | 尾 | tail | [teɪl] |
70 | 羽 | feather | [ˈfɛðə] |
71 | 髮 | hair | [hɛə] |
72 | 頭 | head | [hed] |
73 | 耳 | ear | [ɪə] |
74 | 眼 | eye | [aɪ] |
75 | 鼻 | nose | [nəʊz] |
76 | 口 | mouth | [maʊθ] |
77 | 牙 | tooth | [tuːθ] |
78 | 舌 | tongue | [tʌŋ] |
79 | 指甲 | fingernail | [ˈfɪŋɡəneɪl] |
80 | 腳 | foot | [fʊt] |
81 | 腿 | leg | [leɡ] |
82 | 膝 | knee | [niː] |
83 | 手 | hand | [hænd] |
84 | 翅 | wing | [wɪŋ] |
85 | 腹 | belly | [ˈbelɪ] |
86 | 腸 | gut | [gʌts] |
87 | 頸 | neck | [nek] |
88 | 背 | back | [bæk] |
89 | 乳 | breast | [bɹest] |
90 | 心 | heart | [hɑːt] |
91 | 肝 | liver | [ˈlɪvə] |
92 | 喝 | to drink | [dɹɪŋk] |
93 | 吃 | to eat | [iːt] |
94 | 咬 | to bite | [baɪt] |
95 | 吸 | to suck | [sʌk] |
96 | 吐 | to spit | [spɪt] |
97 | 嘔 | to vomit | [ˈvɒmɪt] |
98 | 吹 | to blow | [bləʊ] |
99 | 呼吸 | to breathe | [bɹiːð] |
100 | 笑 | to laugh | [laːf] |
101 | 看 | to see | [siː] |
102 | 聽 | to hear | [hiə] |
103 | 知 | to know | [nəʊ] |
104 | 想 | to think | [θɪŋk] |
105 | 嗅 | to smell | [smel] |
106 | 怕 | to fear | [fɪə] |
107 | 睡 | to sleep | [sliːp] |
108 | 住 | to live | [lɪv] |
109 | 死 | to die | [daɪ] |
110 | 殺 | to kill | [kɪl] |
111 | 鬥 | to fight | [faɪt] |
112 | 獵 | to hunt | [hʌnt] |
113 | 擊 | to hit | [hɪt] |
114 | 切 | to cut | [kʌt] |
115 | 分 | to split | [splɪt] |
116 | 刺 | to stab | [stæb] |
117 | 撓 | to scratch | [skɹæʧ] |
118 | 挖 | to dig | [dɪɡ] |
119 | 游 | to swim | [swɪm] |
120 | 飛 | to fly | [flaɪ] |
121 | 走 | to walk | [wɔːk] |
122 | 來 | to come | [kʌm] |
123 | 躺 | to lie down (action), to lie (état) | [laɪ] [daʊn], [laɪ] |
124 | 坐 | to sit down (action), to sit (état) | [sɪt] [daʊn], [sɪt] |
125 | 站 | to stand up (action), to stand (état) | [stænd] [ʌp], [stænd] |
126 | 轉 | to turn | [tɜːn] |
127 | 落 | to fall | [fɔːl] |
128 | 給 | to give | [ɡɪv] |
129 | 拿 | to hold | [həʊld] |
130 | 擠 | to squeeze | [skwiːz] |
131 | 磨 | to rub | [ɹʌb] |
132 | 洗 | to wash | [wɒʃ] |
133 | 擦 | to wipe | [waɪp] |
134 | 拉 | to pull | [pʊl] |
135 | 推 | to push | [pʊʃ] |
136 | 扔 | to throw | [θɹəʊ] |
137 | 繫 | to tie | [taɪ] |
138 | 縫 | to sew | [səʊ] |
139 | 計 | to count | [kaʊnt] |
140 | 說 | to say | [seɪ] |
141 | 唱 | to sing | [sɪŋ] |
142 | 玩 | to play | [pleɪ] |
143 | 浮 | to float | [fləʊt] |
144 | 流 | to flow | [fləʊ] |
145 | 凍 | to freeze | [fɹiːz] |
146 | 腫 | to swell | [swel] |
147 | 日 | sun | [sʌn] |
148 | 月 | moon | [muːn] |
149 | 星 | star | [stɑː] |
150 | 水 | water | [ˈwɔːtə] |
151 | 雨 | rain | [ɹeɪn] |
152 | 河 | river | [ˈɹɪvə] |
153 | 湖 | lake | [leɪk] |
154 | 海 | sea | [siː] |
155 | 鹽 | salt | [sɔːlt] |
156 | 石 | stone | [stəʊn] |
157 | 沙 | sand | [sænd] |
158 | 塵 | dust | [dʌst] |
159 | 地 | earth | [ɜːθ] |
160 | 雲 | cloud | [klaʊd] |
161 | 霧 | fog | [fɒɡ] |
162 | 天 | sky | [skaɪ] |
163 | 風 | wind | [wɪnd] |
164 | 雪 | snow | [snəʊ] |
165 | 冰 | ice | [aɪs] |
166 | 煙 | smoke | [sməʊk] |
167 | 火 | fire | [faɪə] |
168 | 灰 | ashes | [ˈæʃɪz] |
169 | 燒 | to burn | [bɜːn] |
170 | 路 | road | [ɹəʊd] |
171 | 山 | mountain | [ˈmaʊntɪn] |
172 | 紅 | red | [ɹed] |
173 | 綠 | green | [ɡɹiːn] |
174 | 黃 | yellow | [ˈjeləʊ] |
175 | 白 | white | [waɪt] |
176 | 黑 | black | [blæk] |
177 | 夜 | night | [naɪt] |
178 | 晝 | day | [deɪ] |
179 | 年 | year | [jiə] |
180 | 暖 | warm | [wɔːm] |
181 | 冷 | cold | [kəʊld] |
182 | 滿 | full | [fʊl] |
183 | 新 | new | [njuː] |
184 | 舊 | old | [əʊld] |
185 | 好 | good | [ɡʊd] |
186 | 壞 | bad | [bæd] |
187 | 腐 | rotten | [ˈɹɒtn] |
188 | 髒 | dirty | [ˈdɜːtɪ] |
189 | 直 | straight | [stɹeɪt] |
190 | 圓 | round | [ɹaʊnd] |
191 | 尖 | sharp | [ʃɑːp] |
192 | 鈍 | dull, blunt | [dʌl], [blʌnt] |
193 | 滑 | smooth | [smuːð] |
194 | 濕 | wet | [wet] |
195 | 乾 | dry | [dɹaɪ] |
196 | 對 | correct | [kəˈɹekt] |
197 | 近 | near | [nɪə] |
198 | 遠 | far | [fɑː] |
199 | 右 | right | [ɹaɪt] |
200 | 左 | left | [left] |
201 | 在 | at | [æt] |
202 | 裡 | in | [ɪn] |
203 | 與 | with | [wɪð] |
204 | 和 | and | [ænd] |
205 | 若 | if | [ɪf] |
206 | 因 | because | [bɪˈkɒz] |
207 | 名 | name | [neɪm] |
參看
注释
參考文獻
- Campbell, Lyle. (1998). Historical linguistics; An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- Embleton, Sheila (1995). Review of ‘An Indo-European classification: A lexicostatistical experiment’ by I. Dyen; J.B. Kruskal & P.Black. TAPS Monograph 82-5, Philadelphia. in Diachronica 12-2/1992:263-68.
- Dyen, Isidore; Kruskal, Joseph B.; Black, Paul. An Indoeuropean Classification: A Lexicostatistical Experiment. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 1992, 82 (5): iii [2021-10-28]. doi:10.2307/1006517. (原始内容存档于2021-10-29).
- Gray, Russell D.; & Atkinson, Quentin D. Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin, Nature, 426.
- Gudschinsky, Sarah. (1956). The ABC's of lexicostatistics (glottochronology). Word, 12, 175-210.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1956). Lexicostatistics: A critique. Language, 32, 49-60.
- Swadesh, Morris. (1950). Salish internal relationships. International Journal of American Linguistics, 16, 157-167.
- Swadesh, Morris. (1952). Lexicostatistic dating of prehistoric ethnic contacts. Proceedings American Philosophical Society, 96, 452-463.
- Swadesh, Morris. (1955). Towards greater accuracy in lexicostatistic dating. International Journal of American Linguistics, 21, 121-137.
- Swadesh, Morris. (1971). The Origin and Diversification of Language. 死后由Joel Sherzer编辑. Chicago: Aldine. ISBN 0-202-01001-5. p. 283有最终版的100个词语的列表.
- Swadesh, Morris (1972). What is glottochronology? In M. Swadesh, The origin and diversification of languages (pp. 271–284). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.