Help:德语国际音标

這頁是維基百科的德语国际音标發音指南。

下表为德语发音在维基百科中用国际音标（IPA）表示的方式。另请参阅德語音系。

辅音
标准德语	奥地利德语	瑞士德语	举例	英语近似发音	華語近似发音
b			bei^[1]	ball	浊音的b
ç			ich^ⓘ, durch; China (DE)	hue	无（发h音时将舌中部抬高）
d			dann^[1]	done	浊音的d
f			für^ⓘ, von^ⓘ	fuss	f
ɡ			gut^[1]	guest	浊音的g
h			hat	hut	h
j			Jahr^ⓘ	yard	y
k			kann^ⓘ, Tag^[2]	cold	k
l			Leben	last	l
l̩			Mantel	bottle	无
m			Mann	must	m
m̩			Atem	rhythm	无
n			Name	not	n
n̩			beiden	suddenly	无
ŋ			lang	long	ng
ŋ̍			wenigen	shock'ng (shocking的方言)	无
p			Person, ab^[2]	puck	p
pf			Pfeffer	cupful	无（p和f）
ʀ	r		reden^[3]	DE: French rouge AT, CH: far (苏格兰英语)	无（小舌音）
s			lassen, Haus^ⓘ, groß	fast	s
ʃ			schon^ⓘ, Stadt^ⓘ	shall	无（近似于sh，或翘舌的x）
t			Tag, und^[2]	tall	t
ts			Zeit^ⓘ, Platz^ⓘ	cats	c
tʃ			Matsch^ⓘ	match	无（近似于ch，或翘舌的q）
v			was^[1]	vanish	f的浊音
x			nach^ⓘ	loch	無
z			Sie, diese^ⓘ^[1]	hose	s的浊音
ʔ		beamtet^[4] ([bəˈʔamtət])	uh-oh!中的停顿
外来辅音
dʒ			Dschungel^ⓘ^[1]^[5]	jungle	无（近似于翘舌j）
ʒ			Genie^[1]^[5]	pleasure	无
重音
ˈ			Bahnhofstraße ([ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə])	as in battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/
ˌ			Bahnhofstraße ([ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə])	as in battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/

元音
标准德语	奥地利德语	瑞士德语	举例	英语近似发音	華語近似发音
单元音
a			alles^[6]	art (no r-colouring)	a
aː			aber, sah^[6]	father	a
ɛ			Ende, hätte	bet	yuan
ɛː			spät, wählen^[7]	bed	yuan
eː			eben, gehen	pays (Scottish)	hei
ɪ			ist, bitte	sit	ya 舌中部抬高
iː			viel, Berlin	tea	i
ɔ			Osten, kommen	lot (RP and Australian)	o
oː			oder, hohe	law (RP and Australian)	o
œ			öffnen	roughly like hurt (no r-colouring)	粤语：長 / cheung4
øː			Österreich	roughly like herd (no r-colouring)	似粵語：長 / cheung4
ʊ			und	took (Australian)	介于o和u，且开口大
uː			Hut	pool	u
ʏ			müssen	roughly like Scottish shoot	u
yː			über	roughly like Scottish shoes	u
双元音
aɪ			ein	bite	ai
aʊ			auf	shout	ao
ɔʏ		ɔɪ	Euro, Häuser	loiter	无（o+i或o+ü）
元音弱化
ɐ		ər	immer^[3]	DE, AT: roughly like fun CH: butter (Scottish)	粵語: 賓 / ban1
ə			Name	ago	近似于e
半元音
ɐ̯		r	Uhr^[3]	DE, AT: roughly like idea CH: far (Scottish)	无
i̯			Studie	yard	无
u̯			aktuell	would	无
外来元音
ãː			Gourmand^[8]	chanson (French pron., but long)	带鼻音的a
ɛ̃ː			Pointe^[8]	vingt-et-un (French pron., but long)	yuan
õː			Garçon^[8]	chanson (French pron., but long)	带鼻音的o
œ̃ː			Parfum^[8]	vingt-et-un (French pron., but long)	无
œːɐ̯			O₂ World^[9]	roughly like herd	无
短元音
a			Kalender^[6]^[10]	art (no r-colouring)
ã			engagieren^[8]	chanson (short [ãː])
ɛ̃			impair^[8]	vingt-et-un (short [ɛ̃ː])
e			Element^[10]	pace (Scottish)
i			Italien^[10]	teach
o			originell^[10]	force (RP and Australian)
õ			foncé^[8]	chanson (short [õː])
œ̃			Lundist^[8]	vingt-et-un (short [œ̃ː])
ø			Ökonom^[10]	roughly like hurt (no r-colouring)
u			Universität^[10]	truth
y			Psychologie^[10]	roughly like Scottish shoot

注释

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, z, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, s, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced).
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Injavascript:void() German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable. 引用错误：带有name属性“devoicing”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker.
^ Initial vowels are usually preceded by [ʔ], except in Swiss Standard German.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ (Hall (2003:42頁)).
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Some scholars write [ɑː] for [aː], and [ɑ] for its shortened counterpart, thus differentiating between regular [a] and shortened [ɑ] (see e.g.
^ In Northern Germany, /ɛː/ often merges with /eː/ to [eː].
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 ^8.5 ^8.6 ^8.7 The nasal vowels occur in French loans.
^ [œːɐ̯] is the German rendering of the English Template:Smallcapital vowel /ɜːr/.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 ^10.5 ^10.6 [a, e, i, o, ø, u, y], the short versions of the long vowels [aː, eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords.

[fortislenis-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, z, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, s, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced).

[devoicing-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Injavascript:void() German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable. 引用错误：带有name属性“devoicing”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次

[r-allophones-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker.

[4] Initial vowels are usually preceded by [ʔ], except in Swiss Standard German.

[postalveolarlenis-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ (Hall (2003:42頁)).

[openvowels-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Some scholars write [ɑː] for [aː], and [ɑ] for its shortened counterpart, thus differentiating between regular [a] and shortened [ɑ] (see e.g.

[7] In Northern Germany, /ɛː/ often merges with /eː/ to [eː].

[nasalV-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 ^8.5 ^8.6 ^8.7 The nasal vowels occur in French loans.

[9] [œːɐ̯] is the German rendering of the English Template:Smallcapital vowel /ɜːr/.

[shorttense-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 ^10.5 ^10.6 [a, e, i, o, ø, u, y], the short versions of the long vowels [aː, eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords.

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