族教群體
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族教群體(Ethnoreligious group),又稱民族宗教群體,指有共同宗教信仰背景、依照共同宗教而聯繫起來的族群。從相同的宗教信仰出發,族教群體亦有共同的文化傳統,相信自身有共同祖先[1][2]。
Swierenga 1990給出了「族教群體」(ethnoreligious group)的三大特徵:社會特徵、歷史經歷、神學信仰[3]。族教群體在傳統上也往往實行嚴格的內婚制[4]。
定義
總體來說,族教群體的身份認同既來自於祖先血緣,也來自於宗教聯繫,內部共同的歷史和文化傳統亦可劃入宗教範疇。在很多情況下,族教群體可視同有共同民族宗教的族群文化群體(ethno-cultural group)[5][6]。
一些族教群體在某些地區屬於少數群體,其認同感在維持其少數群體地位的過程中有所加強。如果其宗教信仰和某些特定地區有所關聯,那麼族教群體亦可以和族裔民族主義聯繫起來[7]。
舉例
民族宗教群體 | 宗教民族 | 混合群體 |
---|---|---|
猶太人
在成為巴比倫囚虜之前,以色列人已經是民族宗教群體,可能在何西亞的時代以前就已經發展成熟[35]。
19世紀以來,猶太教改革派的某些神學信條和傳統猶太教相比有了變化;不過近年來改革派又重新恢復了一些傳統習俗。20世紀末以來,改革派在美國猶太人群體中成為主流。美國猶太人的跨族婚姻現象越來越多,試圖令配偶皈依的現象隨之增多,這是傳統猶太教極不提倡的行為[36]。如果一名實行跨族婚姻的猶太人的妻子沒有皈依,改革派會認同父系祖先血脈(傳統猶太教認同母系血脈)。而且,改革派認定跨族婚生的猶太人子女的方式是藉由行為的,即「通過合適且及時的、公開正式的認同猶太信仰和猶太身份的行為[37]」。這令部分猶太人已經不符合「民族宗教群體」之定義。
自20世紀60年代以來,隨著錫安主義的勝利,以色列的國族認同和猶太人認同聯繫起來[38][39]。近年來,有反錫安主義者提出許多理論,試圖證明當代猶太人是皈依者的後裔,主張錫安主義僅是一種現代的非理性種族主義[40],從而否認現代以色列人的族教群體身份。
法律概念
澳大利亞
澳大利亞法律中,新南威爾斯州的1977年反歧視法案提及的「種族」(race)概念中,包含「族群、族群宗教或國族起源」的定義[41],其中「民族宗教」(ethno-religious)是1994年修正案中增補的[42]。時任新南威爾斯州司法部長約翰·漢納福德(John Hannaford)解釋稱:「這是為了將猶太人、穆斯林和錫克教徒納入反誹謗和歧視條款的保護範疇中……這次延伸不涉及宗教範疇的歧視[26][27]。」
塔斯馬尼亞州的1998年反歧視法案的種族定義和新南威爾斯州相同,亦包含族教群體[43]。這一法案同時也針對宗教領域的歧視[44]。
英國
在英國有一樁標誌性的法律案例「曼德拉訴道爾-李案」,為有著宗教聯繫的族群給出了法律定義[45]。猶太人[28][29][30]和錫克人[46][47][48]都在1994年反歧視法案修正案中以族教群體的身份被納入保護範疇[47]。
1994年反歧視法案修正案參考曼德拉訴道爾-李案,將族群(ethnic group)定義為:
- 有著悠久的共同歷史的群體,足以將這一群體和其他群體區分開來,令群體延續至今;
- 有著自身文化傳統的群體,包括家庭和社會習俗,經常但不一定和宗教有關;除了以上兩點重要特徵外,以下特徵互相關聯:
- 有相同的地理來源,或有著共同祖先的;
- 有著共同語言的,並不一定是該群體特有;
- 有著特有的文學文獻的;
- 和周圍其他群體不同的共同的宗教信仰;
- 在較大群體中充當少數群體,或是被壓迫或主導性群體的,例如被征服的群體以及征服他們的群體是不同的民族。
參見
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書目
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