鷹科
(重新導向自老鷹)
鷹科![]() 化石時期:
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短尾雕 | |
科學分類 ![]() | |
界: | 動物界 Animalia |
門: | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
綱: | 鳥綱 Aves |
目: | 鷹形目 Accipitriformes |
科: | 鷹科 Accipitridae Vieillot, 1816 |
亞科 | |
鷹科在鳥類傳統分類系統中是鳥綱中的隼形目中的一個科,但現在改分至鷹形目。是鷹形目鳥類兩個最大的科之一。
在狹義的定義上,小型鷹科猛禽泛稱為鷹,大型鷹科猛禽泛稱為鵰,某些中型鷹科猛禽稱為鵟。[1]
亞科與屬
- 鳶亞科 Elaninae
- 蜂鷹亞科 Perninae
- 西非鵑隼 Aviceda cuculoides
- 馬達加斯加鵑隼 Aviceda madagascariensis
- 褐冠鵑隼 Aviceda jerdoni
- 鳳頭鵑隼 Aviceda subcristata
- 黑冠鵑隼 Aviceda leuphotes
- 長尾鵟 Hernicopernis longicauda
- 黑長尾鷹 Hernicopernis infuscatus
- 蜂鷹 Pernis apivorus
- 鳳頭蜂鷹 Pernis ptilorhynchus
- 菲律賓蜂鷹 Pernis celebensis
- 黑頭鳶 Leptodon cayanensis
- 白頸鳶 Leptodon forbesi
- 鉤嘴鳶 Chondrohierax uncinatus
- 燕尾鳶 Elanoides forficatus
- 齒鷹亞科 Milvinae
- 鷹亞科 Accipitrinae
- 蒼鷹 Accipiter gentilis
- 雀鷹 Accipiter nisus
- 灰腹鷹 Accipiter poliogaster
- 鳳頭鷹 Accipiter trivirgatus
- 灰頭鳳頭鷹 Accipiter griseiceps
- 紅胸鷹 Accipiter toussenelii
- 非洲鷹 Accipiter tachiro
- 赤腹鷹 Accipiter soloensis
- 馬達加斯加鷹 Accipiter francesii
- 斑點尾鷹 Accipiter trinotatus
- 灰鷹 Accipiter novaehollandiae
- 褐鷹 Accipiter fasciatus
- 黑背鷹 Accipiter melanochlamys
- 鵲色鷹 Accipiter albogularis
- 棕頸鷹 Accipiter rufitorques
- 白腹鷹 Accipiter haplochrous
- 摩鹿加雀鷹 Accipiter henicogrammus
- 蒼頭鷹 Accipiter poliocephalus
- 灰頭鷹 Accipiter princeps
- 黑白雀鷹 Accipiter melanoleucus
- 亨氏鷹 Accipiter henstii
- 白頰雀鷹 Accipiter meyerianus
- 栗脅鷹 Accipiter castanilius
- 尼科巴群島雀鷹 Accipiter butleri
- 東方雀鷹 Accipiter brevipes
- 蘭灰雀鷹 Accipiter luteoschistaceus
- 擬雀鷹 Accipiter imitator
- 紅腿雀鷹 Accipiter erythropus
- 非洲小雀鷹 Accipiter minullus
- 日本松雀鷹 Accipiter gularis
- 小雀鷹 Accipiter nanus
- 紅頸雀鷹 Accipiter erythrauchen
- 領雀鷹 Accipiter cirrocephalus
- 短尾雀鷹 Accipiter brachyurus
- 葡萄胸雀鷹 Accipiter rhodogaster
- 馬達加斯加雀鷹 Accipiter madagascariensis
- 南非雀鷹 Accipiter ovampensis
- 棕胸雀鷹 Accipiter rufiventris
- 褐耳雀鷹 Accipiter badius
- 侏儒鷹 Accipiter superciliosus
- 半領鷹 Accipiter collaris
- 條紋鷹 Accipiter striatus
- 白胸鷹 Accipiter chionogaster
- 平胸鷹 Accipiter ventralis
- 紅腿鷹 Accipiter erythronemius
- 雞鷹 Accipiter cooperii
- 古巴鷹 Accipiter gundlachi
- 雙色鷹 Accipiter bicolor
- 松雀鷹 Accipiter virgatus
- 紅臉歌鷹 Micronisus gabar
- 歌鷹 Melierax metabates
- 灰歌鷹 Melierax poliopterus
- 淡色歌鷹 Melierax canorus
- 非洲長尾鷹 Urotriorchis macrourus
- 赤鷹 Erythrotriorchis radiatus
- 褐肩鷹 Erythrotriorchis buergersi
- 巨赤鷹 Megatriorchis doriae
- 真鵰亞科 Aquilinae
- 冕雕 Harpyhaliaetus coronatus
- 孤冕雕 Harpyhaliaetus solitarius,現接受名為Buteogallus solitarius
- 冠雕 Morphnus guianensis
- 角雕 Harpia harpyja
- 食猿鵰 Pithecophaga jefferyi
- 新幾內亞角鵰 Harpyopsis novaeguineae
- 黑栗雕 Oroaetus isidori
- 黑白鷹鵰 Spizastur melanoleucus
- 叫鷹鵰 Spizaetus africanus
- 鳳頭鷹鵰 Spizaetus cirrhatus
- 鷹鵰 Spizaetus nipalensis
- 馬來鷹鵰 Spizaetus alboniger
- 爪哇鷹鵰 Spizaetus bartelsi
- 蘇拉威西島鷹鵰 Spizaetus lanceolatus
- 菲律賓鷹鵰 Spizaetus philippensis
- 小鷹鵰 Spizaetus nanus
- 黑鷹鵰 Spizaetus tyrannus
- 飾冠鷹鵰 Spizaetus ornatus
- 高冠鷹鵰 Lophaetus occipitalis
- 冠鷹鵰 Stephanoaetus coronatus
- 猛雕 Polemaetus bellicosus
- 白腹隼雕 Hieraaetus fasciatus
- 靴雕 Hieraaetus pennatus
- 非洲隼雕 Hieraaetus spilogaster
- 小雕 Hieraaetus morphnoides
- 艾氏雕 Hieraaetus ayresii
- 棕腹隼雕 Hieraaetus kienerii
- 金雕 Aquila chrysaetos
- 白肩雕 Aquila heliaca
- 西班牙白肩雕 Aquila (heliaca) adalberti
- 亞洲草原雕 Aquila nipalensis
- 棕色草原雕 Aquila rapax
- 烏雕 Aquila clanga
- 小烏雕 Aquila pomarina
- 黑雕 Aquila verreauxii
- 格尼氏雕 Aquila gurneyi
- 細嘴雕 Aquila wahlbergi
- 楔尾雕 Aquila audax
- 林雕 Ictinaetus malayensis
- 海鵰亞科 Haliaeetinae
- 鵟亞科 Buteoninae
- 鵟雕 Geranoaetus melanoleucus
- 普通鵟 Buteo buteo
- 紅尾鵟 Buteo jamaicensis
- 棕尾鵟 Buteo rufinus
- 毛腿鵟 Buteo lagopus
- 王鵟 Buteo regalis
- 赤肩鵟 Buteo lineatus
- 巨翅鵟 Buteo platypterus
- 斯溫氏鵟 Buteo swainsoni
- 大嘴鵟 Buteo magnirostris
- 島鵟 Buteo ridgwayi
- 白腰鵟 Buteo leucorrhous
- 短尾鵟 Buteo brachyurus
- 白頸鵟 Buteo albigula
- 白尾鵟 Buteo albicaudatus
- 加拉帕戈斯群島鵟 Buteo galapagoensis
- 紅背鵟 Buteo polyosoma
- 變色鵟 Buteo poecilochrous
- 帶尾鵟 Buteo albonotatus
- 孤鵟 Buteo solitarius
- 美洲棕尾鵟 Buteo ventralis
- 山鵟 Buteo oreophilus
- 短翅鵟 Buteo brachypterus
- 大鵟 Buteo hemilasius
- 非洲赤尾鵟 Buteo auguralis
- 棕鵟 Buteo augur
- 阿切氏鵟 Buteo archeri
- 暗棕鵟 Buteo rufofuscus
- 栗翅鷹 Parabuteo unicinctus
- 黑雞鵟 Buteogallus anthracinus
- 紅樹黑雞鵟 Buteogallus subtilis
- 大黑雞鵟 Buteogallus urubitinga
- 棕雞鵟 Buteogallus aequinoctialis
- 草原鷹 Buteogallus meridionalis
- 黑領鷹 Busarellus nigricollis
- 鉛頭南美鵟 Leucopternis plumbea
- 鼠灰南美鵟 Leucopternis schistacea
- 橫斑南美鵟 Leucopternis princeps
- 黑臉南美鵟 Leucopternis melanops
- 白眉南美鵟 Leucopternis kuhli
- 白頸南美鵟 Leucopternis lacernulata
- 淡灰南美鵟 Leucopternis semiplumbea
- 白領南美鵟 Leucopternis albicollis
- 灰背南美鵟 Leucopternis occidentalis
- 斗蓬南美鵟 Leucopternis polionota
- 蜥鵟 Kaupifalco monogrammicus
- 蝗鵟鷹 Butastur rufipennis
- 白眼鵟鷹 Butastur teesa
- 棕翅鵟鷹 Butastur liventer
- 灰臉鵟鷹 Butastur indicus
- 禿鷲亞科 Aegypiinae
- 黑兀鷲 Sarcogyps calvus
- 禿鷲 Aegypius monachus
- 肉垂禿鷲 Torgos tracheliotus
- 白頭禿鷲 Trigonoceps occipitalis
- 西域兀鷲 Gyps fulvus
- 黑白兀鷲 Gyps rueppellii
- 高山兀鷲 Gyps himalayensis
- 南非兀鷲 Gyps coprotheres
- 非洲白背兀鷲 Gyps africanus
- 印度白背兀鷲 Gyps bengalensis
- 長喙兀鷲 Gyps indicus
- 白兀鷲 Neophron percnopterus
- 頭巾兀鷲 Necrosyrtes monachus
- 棕櫚鷲 Gypohierax angolensis
- 胡兀鷲 Gypaetus barbatus
- 鷂亞科 Circinae
- 烏灰鷂 Circus pygargus
- 白尾鷂 Circus cyaneus
- 白頭鷂 Circus aeruginosus
- 東方沼澤鷂 Circus spilonotus
- 非洲沼澤鷂 Circus ranivorus
- 沼澤鷂 Circus approximans
- 馬達加斯加鷂 Circus maillardi
- 長翅鷂 Circus buffoni
- 斑點鷂 Circus assimilis
- 黑鷂 Circus maurus
- 灰鷂 Circus cinereus
- 草原鷂 Circus macrourus
- 鵲鷂 Circus melanoleucos
- 馬達加斯加獵鷹 Polyboroides radiatus
- 非洲獵鷹 Polyboroides typus
- 鶴鷹 Geranospiza caerulescens
- 蛇雕亞科 Circaetinae
- 短尾雕 Terathopius ecaudatus
- 短趾雕 Circaetus gallicus
- 黑胸短趾雕 Circaetus pectoralis
- 灰短趾雕 Circaetus cinereus
- 斑短趾雕 Circaetus fasciolatus
- 小斑短趾雕 Circaetus cinerascens
- 大冠鷲 Spilornis cheela
- 尼科巴群島蛇雕 Spilornis minimus
- 山蛇雕Spilornis kinabaluensis
- 蘇拉威西島蛇雕 Spilornis rufipectus
- 菲律賓蛇雕 Spilornis holospilus
- 安達曼群島蛇雕 Spilornis elgini
參考文獻
- ^ 《猛禽觀察圖鑑》,林文宏/著,第18頁。
- Alcover, Josep Antoni. Les Aus fòssils de la Cova de Ca Na Reia ["The fossil birds of Ca Na Reia cave"] (pdf). Endins. 1989, (14–15): 95–100 [2011-05-26]. ISSN 0211-2515. OCLC 41447612. (原始內容存檔於2012-03-10) (加泰隆尼亞語及英語).
- Amaral, Karina Felipe; Jorge, Wilham. The chromosomes of the Order Falconiformes: a review (PDF). Ararajuba. 2003, 11 (1): 65–73 [2011-05-26]. ISSN 0103-5657. OCLC 23686049. (原始內容 (pdf)存檔於2011-04-14).
- American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). AMNH FR 2941 specimen information. 2007 [2011-05-26]. (原始內容存檔於2011-06-13).
- Brathwaite, D. H. Notes on the weight, flying ability, habitat, and prey of Haast's Eagle (Harpagornis moorei) (PDF). Notornis. 1992, 39 (4): 239–247 [2011-05-26]. (原始內容 (pdf)存檔於2012-01-19).
- Cracraft, Joel. Notes on fossil hawks (Accipitridae) (pdf). Auk. 1969, 86 (2): 353–354 [2011-05-26]. doi:10.2307/4083514. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-03-04).
- L. E. M. de Boer. Karyological heterogeneity in the Falconiformes (aves). Experientia. 1975-10-01, 31 (10): 1138–1139 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 0014-4754. doi:10.1007/bf02326755. (原始內容存檔於2018-06-05) (英語).
- Concetta Federico, Catia Daniela Cantarella, Cinzia Scavo, Salvatore Saccone, Bertrand Bed'Hom, Giorgio Bernardi. Avian genomes: different karyotypes but a similar distribution of the GC-richest chromosome regions at interphase. Chromosome Research. 2005-12-01, 13 (8): 785–793 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 0967-3849. doi:10.1007/s10577-005-1012-7. (原始內容存檔於2018-06-14) (英語).
- Ferguson-Lees, James; Christie, David A. Raptors of the World. Illustrated by Kim Franklin, David Mead, and Philip Burton. Houghton Mifflin. 2001 [2013-11-30]. ISBN 978-0-618-12762-7. (原始內容存檔於2014-01-03).
- del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (編). Handbook of the Birds of the World 2. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 1994. ISBN 84-87334-15-6.
- Heather R.L. Lerner, David P. Mindell. Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution: 327–346. [2018-04-02]. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010. (原始內容存檔於2018-06-28).
- Loye Miller. Bird Remains from the Kern River Pliocene of California. The Condor. 1931, 33 (2): 70–72 [2018-04-02]. doi:10.2307/1363312. (原始內容存檔於2017-01-13).
- JUAN J. NEGRO. Two aberrant serpent-eagles may be visual mimics of bird-eating raptors. Ibis. 2008-04-01, 150 (2): 307–314 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1474-919X. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2007.00782.x (英語).
- Peter W. C. Paton, Frank J. Messina, Curtice R. Griffin. A Phylogenetic Approach to Reversed Size Dimorphism in Diurnal Raptors. Oikos. 1994, 71 (3): 492–498 [2018-04-02]. doi:10.2307/3545837. (原始內容存檔於2021-10-15).
- Hau-Jie Shiu, Ken-ichi Tokita, Emiko Morishita, Emiko Hiraoka, Yinyin Wu, Hiroshi Nakamura, Hiroyoshi Higuchi. Route and site fidelity of two migratory raptors: Grey-faced Buzzards Butastur indicus and Honey-buzzards Pernis apivorus. Ornithological Science. 2006-12-01, 5 (2): 151–156 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1347-0558. doi:10.2326/osj.5.151. (原始內容存檔於2016-04-11).
- Smith, Richard. Les vertébrés terrestres de l'Oligocène inférieur de Belgique (Formation de Borgloon, MP 21): inventaire et interprétation des données actuelles. [Early Oligocene terrestrial vertebrates from Belgium (Borgloon Formation, MP 21): catalog and interpretation of recent data.] (PDF). Coloquios de Paleontología. 2003, E1: 647–657 [2011-05-26]. ISSN 1132-1660. OCLC 55101786. (原始內容 (pdf)存檔於2011-06-09) (法語及英語).
- Thiollay, J. M. Family Accipitridae (Hawks and Eagles). in Handbook of the Birds of the World: del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1994.. 1994.
- A. Landsborough Thomson, R. E. Moreau. FEEDING HABITS OF THE PALM-NUT VULTURE GYPOHEERAX.. Ibis. 1957-10-01, 99 (4): 608–613 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1474-919X. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1957.tb03053.x (英語).
- Jennifer Ward, Dominic J. McCafferty, David C. Houston, Graeme D. Ruxton. Why do vultures have bald heads? The role of postural adjustment and bare skin areas in thermoregulation. Journal of Thermal Biology: 168–173. [2018-04-02]. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2008.01.002. (原始內容存檔於2018-06-05).
- Michael Wink, Petra Heidrich, Claus Fentzloff. A mtDNA phylogeny of sea eagles (genus Haliaeetus) based on nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b-gene. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology: 783–791. [2018-04-02]. doi:10.1016/s0305-1978(96)00049-x. (原始內容存檔於2018-06-24).
- T. H. Worthy, A. J. D. Tennyson, C. Jones, J. A. McNamara, B. J. Douglas. Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: 1–39. [2018-04-02]. doi:10.1017/s1477201906001957. (原始內容存檔於2019-11-18).
- Wetmore, Alexander. Fossil birds from Mongolia and China (PDF). American Museum Novitates. 1934, (711): 1–16 [2011-05-26]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2007-06-22).
外部連結
- 鷹科介紹(英文)(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Accipitridae videos(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) on the Internet Bird Collection
- xeno-canto.org: Accipitridae sounds. Retrieved 2006-DEC-01.
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